William was born on 20 APR 1739 in Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, the son of John Bartram and Ann Mendenhall.
He died on 22 JUL 1823 in Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
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| Event | Date | Details | Source | Multimedia | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth | 20 APR 1739 |
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| Death | 22 JUL 1823 |
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| Burial |
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| Attribute | Date | Description | Details | Source | Multimedia | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National or Tribal Origin | United States of America |
Note 1
!Source: Daniel Shawn Huffman.
<p style="text-align: left;" dir="ltr"> </p>
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="overflow: visible; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; text-transform: none; color: #000000; font: 1.8em/1.3 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; widows: 1; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; padding: 0px;" lang="en">William Bartram</h1> 0.87em/1.6 sans-serif; widows: 1; z-index: 0; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">e free encyclopedia</div>tyle="overflow: hidden; margin-bottom: 1.4em; height: 0px; margin-top: -1.4em; zoom: 1; -webkit-user-select: none;"> </div>" lang="en" dir="ltr">p;</span><a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="William Bertram [disambiguation]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bertram_[disambiguation]">William Bertram</a>.</div>g: 3px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #aaaaaa 1px solid; padding: 0.2em;">t: bold; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span class="fn">William Bartram</span></th></tr>" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamBartram.jpeg"><img style="vertical-align: middle;" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/WilliamBartram.jpeg/150px-WilliamBartram.jpeg" alt="WilliamBartram.jpeg" width="150" height="185" data-file-height="251" data-file-width="203" /></a>s Willson Peale" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></div> style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">April 20, 1739<br /><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Kingsessing, Pennsylvania" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsessing,_Pennsylvania">Kingsessing, Pennsylvania</a></td>h>gn: top; text-align: left;" scope="row">Nationality</th>b0080;" title="United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">American</a></td>ory" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Natural history" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history">naturalist</a></td>– July 22, 1823] was an<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">American</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Natural history" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history">naturalist</a>. The son of Ann [<em>née</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mendenhall] and the naturalist<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="John Bartram" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bartram">John Bartram</a>, William Bartram and his twin sister Elizabeth were born in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Kingsessing, Philadelphia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsessing,_Philadelphia">Kingsessing, Philadelphia</a>,<a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Pennsylvania" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaselkovBraund_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-WaselkovBraund-1">[1]</a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>As a boy, he accompanied his father on many of his travels to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Catskill Mountains" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Pine Barrens [New Jersey]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Barrens_[New_Jersey]">New Jersey Pine Barrens</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="New England" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England">New England</a>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a>. From his mid-teens, Bartram was noted for the quality of his botanic and ornithological drawings. He also had an increasing role in the maintenance of his father's<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram's Garden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden">botanic garden</a>, and added many rare species to it.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1773, he embarked upon a four-year journey through eight southern colonies. Bartram made many drawings and took notes on the native<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Flora" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora">flora</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Fauna" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna">fauna</a>, and the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Native Americans in the United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States">native American Indians</a>. In<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Timeline of Florida History" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_History">1774</a>, he explored the St. Johns River, where he had memorable encounters with aggressive alligators, and also visited a principal<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Seminole" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole">Seminole</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>village at<a class="new" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #a55858;" title="Cuscowilla [page does not exist]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuscowilla&action=edit&redlink=1">Cuscowilla</a>, where his arrival was celebrated with a great feast. He met Ahaya the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Cowkeeper" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowkeeper">Cowkeeper</a>, chief of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe. When Bartram explained to the Cowkeeper that he was interested in studying the local plants and animals, the chief was amused and began calling him<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Puc Puggy</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[the flower hunter].<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bartram continued his explorations of the Alachua Savannah, or what is today<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Paynes Prairie" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paynes_Prairie">Paynes Prairie</a>. William Bartram wrote of his experiences exploring the Southeast in his book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Travels through North & South Carolina, East & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws, Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions, Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians</em>, published in 1791 and which is today simply known as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram's Travels" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram%27s_Travels">Bartram's Travels</a></em>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Ephraim George Squier" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_George_Squier">Ephraim George Squier</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edwin Hamilton Davis" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hamilton_Davis">Edwin Hamilton Davis</a>, in their book,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></em>, name Bartram as "the first naturalist who penetrated the dense tropical forests of Florida."<sup id="cite_ref-Squier_3-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-Squier-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"> </p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 13px; zoom: 1; display: table; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #aaaaaa 1px solid; padding: 7px;">enter;">line; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2>nk" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram">hide</a>] </span></div>tyle-type: none; text-align: left; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">und: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Arrival_in_Georgia"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Arrival in Georgia</span></a></li>-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#To_Florida_again"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">To Florida again</span></a></li>0.1em;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Exploration_of_the_Cherokee_Nation"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Exploration of the Cherokee Nation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Return_to_Philadelphia"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Return to Philadelphia</span></a></li>href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Namesakes"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Namesakes</span></a></li>b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">In popular culture</span></a></li>ll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Bibliography</span></a></li>ansparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#References"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">References</span></a></li>d: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#Literature"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">Literature</span></a></li>; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#External_links"><span class="tocnumber" style="padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;">External links</span></a></li>
<h2 style="font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="Arrival_in_Georgia" class="mw-headline">Arrival in Georgia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: Arrival in Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=1">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>t-size: 13px; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; min-width: 100px; text-align: center; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #cccccc 1px solid; padding: 3px;"><a class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Bartram_Trail_marker.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: #ffffff; border: #cccccc 1px solid;" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/William_Bartram_Trail_marker.jpg/220px-William_Bartram_Trail_marker.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="147" data-file-height="4000" data-file-width="6000" /></a>tyle="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"> </div>" title="McIntosh County, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_County,_Georgia">McIntosh County, Georgia</a>, USA</div>ived in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Charleston, South Carolina" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina">Charleston</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>on March 31, 1773. He learned that an Indian congress was to take place in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Augusta, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in June and was invited by Superintendent of Indian affairs,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="John Stuart [loyalist]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_[loyalist]">John Stuart</a>, to join the party that would survey a new land cession. After attending to some business Bartram travelled on to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Savannah, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia">Savannah</a>, arriving in that city on either April 11 or 12. While he awaited the beginning of the Indian congress he travelled to the coast of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Georgia [U.S. state]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_[U.S._state]">Georgia</a>. He first visited some rice plantations in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Midway, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway,_Georgia">Midway</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>then travelled on to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Darien, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien,_Georgia">Darien</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>where he was the guest of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Lachlan McIntosh" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_McIntosh">Lachlan McIntosh</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Travels</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bartram related an incident at this point that most probably took place in 1776. As he travelled through the sparsely populated country of South Georgia he encountered an “intrepid Siminole” who had resolved upon killing the next white man he met, but was disarmed by Bartram’s unexpected friendliness.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During his trip along the coast Bartram revisited the region of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Fort Barrington" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Barrington">Fort Barrington</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>on the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Altamaha River" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamaha_River">Altamaha River</a>. John and William Bartram had discovered two new trees there in 1765, but they had no flowers for the season was late. William described these trees in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Travels</em>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Franklinia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinia">Franklin tree</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<em>Franklinia alatamaha</em>] and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Pinckneya pubens" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinckneya_pubens">fevertree</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<em>Pinkneya pubens</em>]. The story of the Franklin tree is fascinating for it no longer exists in the wild and all living trees are descended from seeds collected by William Bartram.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bartram then travelled to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Augusta, Georgia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia">Augusta</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and explored the area while he awaited the conclusion of the Indian congress. The conference ended on June 3, 1773 with the Treaty of Augusta. In return for dissolving their debts to the traders in Augusta, the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Muscogee people" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people">Creeks</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Cherokee" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee">Cherokees</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>gave up 674,000 acres of land in northeast Georgia. Bartram joined the survey party as it marked the boundary. An incident occurred at a place known as the Great Buffalo Lick when the Indians questioned the accuracy of the surveyor’s course. When the surveyor said it was right because the compass told him so the chief, Young Warrior, said that,</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"… the little wicked instrument was a liar; and he would not acquiesce in its decisions, since it would wrong the Indians out of their land. This mistake [the surveyor proving to be in the wrong] displeased the Indians; the dispute arose to that height, that the Chief and his party had determined to break up the business, and return the shortest way home, and forbad the surveyors to proceed any farther: however, after some delay, the complaisance and prudent conduct of the Colonel made them change their resolution; the Chief became reconciled, upon condition that the compass should be discarded, and rendered incapable of serving on this business; that the Chief himself should lead the survey; and, moreover, receive an order for a very considerable quantity of goods."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bartram returned to Savannah in mid-July and spent the fall and winter on the coast of Georgia, exploring the Altamaha River, writing his report, and preparing his seeds for shipment to England.</p>
<h2 style="font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="To_Florida_again" class="mw-headline">To Florida again</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: To Florida again" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=2">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>nd: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="East Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida">East Florida</a>. He landed on the north end of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Amelia Island" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Island">Amelia Island</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and travelled through Old Fernandina to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Earl of Egmont" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Egmont">Lord Egmont’s</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>plantation where modern<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Fernandina Beach, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandina_Beach,_Florida">Fernandina</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>now stands. Bartram was entertained by Stephen Egan, Egmont’s agent, who rode with him around the entire island observing the plantation and Indian mounds. Bartram and Egan sailed from Amelia Island through the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Intracoastal Waterway" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="St. Johns River" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River">St. Johns River</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and to the Cow Ford [<a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Jacksonville, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida">Jacksonville</a>] where Bartram purchased a little sailboat. In three days Bartram landed at the plantation of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Francis Philip Fatio" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Philip_Fatio">Francis Philip Fatio</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Switzerland, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland,_Florida">Switzerland</a>. There he received information concerning the recent disturbances at Spalding’s Stores. He paused the next day at Fort Picolata where he had failed as a planter seven years earlier. Bartram then kept to the west bank, or Indian shore, the river being the division between Indian country on the west bank and English land on the east. He observed a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Seminole Indians" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Indians">Seminole</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>village on the bluff where<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Palatka, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatka,_Florida">Palatka</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>now stands and where he was invited to a watermelon feast that summer. Just south of Palatka, at Stokes Landing, James Spalding built his Lower Store where Bartram made his headquarters while in Florida. One day while working at his desk Bartram heard a disturbance in the adjacent Indian camp. Stepping outside he discovered his Seminole neighbors were alarmed by a large rattlesnake that had entered their camp. They entreated “Puc Puggy” to come kill the snake, which Bartram reluctantly agreed to do. Later he saw three young men approaching,</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"<em>I observed one of them was a young prince who had, on my first interview with him, declared himself my friend and protector, when he told me that if ever occasion should offer in his presence, he would risk his life to defend mine or my property. This young champion stood by his two associates, one on each side of him, the two affecting a countenance and air of displeasure and importance, instantly presenting their scratching instruments, and flourishing them, spoke boldly, and said that I was too heroic and violent, that it would be good for me to loose some of my blood to make me more mild and tame, and for that purpose they were come to scratch me; they gave me no time to expostulate or reply, but attempted to lay hold on me, which I resisted, and my friend, the young prince, interposed and pushed them off, saying that I was a brave warrior and his friend, that they should not insult me, when instantly they altered their countenance and behaviour; they all whooped in chorus, took me friendly by the hand, clapped me on the shoulder and laid their hands on their breasts in token of sincere friendship, and laughing aloud, said I was a sincere friend to the Siminoles,…</em>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bartram joined Spalding’s traders in mid-April on a trip to Cuscowilla [<a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Micanopy, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micanopy,_Florida">Micanopy</a>] and Alachua Savannah, now<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paynes_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park">Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park</a>. Late in May Bartram travelled up the St. Johns’ River to Spalding’s Upper Store at present day<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Astor, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor,_Florida">Astor</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Blue Spring State Park" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Spring_State_Park">Blue Spring</a>. Some of the most memorable events in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Travels</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>occurred during this trip upriver when a wolf stole his fish as Bartram slept, he was jostled and threatened by alligators while fishing from his boat, and he was witness to a territorial battle between two of the monsters,</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"<em>Behold him rushing forth from the flags and reeds. His enormous body swells. His plaited tail brandished high, floats upon the lake. The waters like a cataract descend from his opening jaws. Clouds of smoke issue from his dilated nostrils. The earth trembles with his thunder. When immediately from the opposite coast of the lagoon, emerges from the deep his rival champion. They suddenly dart upon each other. The boiling surface of the lake marks their rapid course, and a terrific conflict commences. They now sink to the bottom folded together in horrid wreaths. The water becomes thick and discoloured. Again they rise, their jaws clap together, re-echoing through the deep surrounding forests. Again they sink, when the contest ends at the muddy bottom of the lake, and the vanquished makes a hazardous escape, hiding himself in the muddy turbulent waters and sedge on a distant shore. The proud victor exulting returns to the place of action. The shores and forests resound his dreadful roar, together with the triumphing shouts of the plaited tribes around, witnesses of the horrid combat.</em>"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During the summer Bartram made another excursion to Alachua Savannah and on to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Suwannee River" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_River">Suwannee River</a>. He travelled one last time up the St. Johns River in September and left Florida forever in November, 1774.</p>
<h2 style="font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="Exploration_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" class="mw-headline">Exploration of the Cherokee Nation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: Exploration of the Cherokee Nation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=3">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>sparent;"> class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Bartram01.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: #ffffff; border: #cccccc 1px solid;" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/William_Bartram01.jpg/220px-William_Bartram01.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="313" data-file-height="875" data-file-width="615" /></a>magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"> </div>r: #0b0080;" title="Franklinia alatamaha" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinia_alatamaha">Franklinia alatamaha</a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>by William Bartram [1782]</center></div>-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p306-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>After passing through Augusta May 10,<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p318_8-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p318-8">[8]</a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dartmouth on May 15 [<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap; position: relative;"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important;" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=William_Bartram&params=35.328003_N_-82.874571_E_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.328003°N 82.874571°W</span></span></a></span></span>],<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p324_9-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p324-9">[9]</a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>a few days later he left Fort Prince George and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Keowee" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keowee">Keowee</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap; position: relative;"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important;" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=William_Bartram&params=34.863616_N_-82.901575_E_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.863616°N 82.901575°W</span></span></a></span></span>] after not being able to procure a guide .<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p331_10-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p331-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition to his botanizing, Bartram aptly described the journey:</p>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">"…all alone in a wild Indian country, a thousand miles from my native land, and a vast distance from any settlements of white people."<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p329_11-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p329-11">[11]</a></sup></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">"It was now after noon; I approached a charming vale, amidst sublimely high forests, awful shades! Darkness gathers around, far distant thunder rolls over the trembling hills; the black clouds with august majesty and power, moves slowly forwards, shading regions of towering hills, and threatening all the destructions of a thunderstorm; all around is now still as death, not a whisper is heard, but a total inactivity and silence seems to pervade the earth; the birds afraid to utter a chirrup, and in low tremulous voices take leave of each other, seeking covert and safety; every insect is silenced, and nothing heard but the roaring of the approaching hurricane; the mighty cloud now expands its sable wings, extending from North to South, and is driven irresistibly on by the tumultuous winds, spreading his livid wings around the gloomy concave, armed with terrors of thunder and fiery shafts of lightning; now the lofty forests bend low beneath its fury, their limbs and wavy boughs are tossed about and catch hold of each other; the mountains tremble and seem to reel about, and the ancient hills to be shaken to their foundations: the furious storm sweeps along, smoaking through the vale and over the resounding hills; the face of the earth is obscured by the deluge descending from the firmament, and I am deafened by the din of thunder; the tempestuous scene damps my spirits, and my horse sinks under me at the tremendous peals, as I hasten for the plain."<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p341_12-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p341-12">[12]</a></sup></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">"I began to ascend the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px;" href="http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1013870" rel="nofollow">Jore Mountains</a>, which I at length accomplished, and rested on the most elevated peak; from whence I beheld with rapture and astonishment, a sublimely awful scene of power and magnificence, a world of mountains piled upon mountains. Having contemplated this amazing prospect of grandeur, I descended the pinnacles…"<sup id="cite_ref-lcc73084685p360_13-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-lcc73084685p360-13">[13]</a></sup>[probably<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Wayah Bald" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayah_Bald">Wayah Bald</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap; position: relative;"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important;" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=William_Bartram&params=35.1803705_N_-83.5604395_E_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.1803705°N 83.5604395°W</span></span></a></span></span>]</dd></dl>ne transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="Return_to_Philadelphia" class="mw-headline">Return to Philadelphia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: Return to Philadelphia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=4">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>77 and assisted his brother John in all aspects of running<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram's Garden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden">Bartram's Garden</a>.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; background-color: transparent;"> width: 152px; min-width: 100px; text-align: center; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #cccccc 1px solid; padding: 3px;"><a class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BartramTravels.jpeg"><img class="thumbimage" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: #ffffff; border: #cccccc 1px solid;" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BartramTravels.jpeg/150px-BartramTravels.jpeg" alt="" width="150" height="122" data-file-height="711" data-file-width="874" /></a>rontispiece and title page of "Travels"</div>nbsp;</span><em>Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, etc.</em>. It was considered at the time one of the foremost books on American natural history. Many of Bartram's accounts of historical sites were the earliest records, including the Georgia mound site of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Ocmulgee National Monument" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument">Ocmulgee</a>. In addition to its contributions to scientific knowledge,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Travels</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is noted for its original descriptions of the American countryside. Bartram's writing influenced many of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Romanticism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism">Romantic</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>writers of the day.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="William Wordsworth" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="François René de Chateaubriand" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand">François René de Chateaubriand</a>are known to have read the book, and its influence can be seen in many of their works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 1;">[<em><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. [September 2015]">citation needed</span></a></em>]</sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although Bartram has often been characterized as a recluse, all evidence shows that he remained active in commercial, scientific, and intellectual pursuits well into the nineteenth century. He tutored nieces and nephews, penned a number of essays, contributed to several works anonymously, and helped run the family horticultural business. In 1802, Bartram met the school teacher<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Alexander Wilson [ornithologist]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_[ornithologist]">Alexander Wilson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and began to teach him the rudiments of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Ornithology" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology">ornithology</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and natural history illustration. Wilson's<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>American Ornithology</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>includes many references to Bartram and the area around<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram's Garden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden">Bartram's Garden</a>. Among Bartram's more significant later contributions were the illustrations for his friend Benjamin Smith Barton's explanation of the Linnaean system,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Elements of Botany</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[1803–04].</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">After the War of 1812, when many of his colleagues, contacts, and friends had died, Bartram settled into a long period of work, observation, and study at the family's garden in Kingsessing. He maintained a "Diary" that records bird migrations, plant life, and the weather. He refused a request to teach botany at the University of Pennsylvania, and in his sixties, declined an invitation from President<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Thomas Jefferson" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to accompany an expedition up the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Red River of the South" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South">Red River</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Louisiana Territory" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>, in 1806. He died at his home at the age of 84.</p>
<h2 style="font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="Namesakes" class="mw-headline">Namesakes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: Namesakes" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=5">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc; list-style-image: url['data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A']; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">le="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="St. Johns River" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River">St. Johns River</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Jacksonville, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida">Jacksonville</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>south into northwestern<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="St. Johns County" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_County">St. Johns County</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>on<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Florida State Road 13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_13">State Road 13</a>.</li>1em;">Bartram Trail High School in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Switzerland, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland,_Florida">Switzerland, Florida</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[just south of Jacksonville.]</li>om: 0.1em;">The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram Trail" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram_Trail">Bartram Trail</a>, a hiking trail in North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina that commemorates his journeys through the area.</li>1em;">The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram Canoe Trail" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram_Canoe_Trail">Bartram Canoe Trail</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>system of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Canoe" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe">canoe</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Kayak" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak">kayak</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>trails in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Mobile Bay" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Bay">Mobile-Tensaw River Delta</a>, operated by the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Alabama" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">Alabama Department of Conservation</a>.</li>in-bottom: 0.1em;">The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="William Bartram Arboretum" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram_Arboretum">William Bartram Arboretum</a>, located within<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Fort Toulouse" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Toulouse">Fort Toulouse</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Park, near<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Wetumpka, Alabama" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetumpka,_Alabama">Wetumpka, Alabama</a>.</li>ne; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="University of Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida">University of Florida</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>campus in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Gainesville, Florida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>.</li>nverted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Bartram's Garden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden">Bartram’s Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaselkovBraund_1-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-WaselkovBraund-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
<div class="notice metadata" style="border-top: #dddddd 2px solid; border-right: #dddddd 0px solid; border-bottom: #dddddd 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; border-left: #dddddd 0px solid; padding-right: 0px;">The standard<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation">author abbreviation</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">W.Bartram</span></span></span></strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is used to indicate this individual as the author when<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Author citation [botany]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_[botany]">citing</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Botanical name" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1;"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: #0b0080;" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bartram#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></div>nux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="In_popular_culture" class="mw-headline">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Edit section: In popular culture" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bartram&action=edit&section=6">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>ist-style-image: url['data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A']; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">argin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the film<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080;" title="Cold Mountain [film]" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Mountain_[film]">Cold Mountain</a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[2003], Ada gives Inman a copy of Bartram's book and her photograph the day he leaves to fight the Civil War, and he treasures both even as they become tattered</li>ia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px;"><span id="Bibliography" class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a style="text-d